Ukwenza ntoni ukususa izilintha zokuphakamisa ngokupheleleyo

Kungani Ukuthwala Izilintha Zokuphakamisa Kuyisilingo Futhi Kuyasenduliwe

Ukuthwala kwesikhundu sokuthwala nezindlela zokuthwala izilintha zokuphakamisa

Ukufusha amaphutha okukhupha kubangela ubungozi obukhulu nokungafunywa, okubangela izinkinga eziningi kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi emakhaya. Ngaphandle kokuthi ipapu yamaphutha—eyakhiwe ukuthi isondele ngokushesha—lezi maphutha ayisondeli futhi abambile kumapipi, bavuma izinkinga ezingabonakali okubangela ukuthi kubhekwe ngokuphelele ngamandla. Amaphutha akhupha kuzwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, okubangela ukuthi amanzi asebili aphume kumagugu kanye nezinkambo zokugcina amanzi ezingatholakali, okubangela ukuthi amanzi asengathiwa aphume emazweni kanye nemilolwane. Kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, lezi maphutha azihamba phansi kwezinye zezibalo zokugcina futhi zizwele kumapumpa okuzimisa kanye nezibalo zokugcina, okubangela ukuthi izinto zokusebenza zihluphe, kubhekwe ngokungafanayo, kanye nokuthi ukugcina amanzi kungasebenzi ngokuphelele. Izindleko zokuhlela, izindleko zokubhekwa ngokuphelele, kanye nezindleko zokuhlela umhlaba ziyasendula abantu abayisebenzisa lezi zinkambo kanye nezinhlobo zomhlaba. Izinto ezingafushwanga njengezikhupha zokukhupha zingaba yizinkambo ezingaphezu kwe-30% yazo zonke izinkinga zokubambeka kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi, ngokulandela ukuchaza kwe-2021 kwe-Water Research Foundation—lokhu kuchazwa ngokuphelele kwezincwadi zokubhekwa kwezindawo zokugcina amanzi kuzo zonke izindawo. Ngaleyo mihlobo, izincwadi zokugcina amanzi—kufaka i-International Plumbing Code (IPC) Section 701.2—kanye nezinkambo zokukhupha zonke zokukhupha ziyasemthethweni ukuthi zikhubaze ukufusha.

Ukubona kwezinto ezisemthethweni: Kungani izilayini zokugcina zase-polyethylene, PLA, ne-PBAT azigqibeleli kuzintambo zokugcina

Ukuthi izilayini zebhathisi zihlala kubukhwele kuyisisekelo sezinkulungwane zazo zokuphatha izinkulungwane. I-polyethylene—olusebenzisa kakhulu umthwakuli—yindlela engekhali yokuqinisa okuhle, engaqinisi ngokuphepha noma ukuphatha kakhulu emanzini amhlope, amanzi amhlope, nemikhuba yamaphakathi engekhali yamaphakathi, njengoko kubukhwele kwesizinda sokunqula kwesibaya. I-PLA (polylactic acid), nokuba kusetyenziselwa njengokuphatha ngokuphatha, kufuneka kubhekwe phambili kwezinsuku eziningi kune-55°C futhi kufuneka kubhekwe imikhuba yamaphakathi ekhululekileyo ekuhlanganeni kwamaphakathi—akho kubukhwele. I-PBAT (polybutylene adipate terephthalate), umthwakuli wokuphatha ngokuphatha, uyafela kanye phakathi kwemikhumbu yokuphatha ngokuphatha ngokwesibonelo ngokungabi nesikhathi esifanayo, amanzi, nokuphatha kakhulu. Ngokuphambana kwezinsuku ezinye kanye nezinhlobo zokuphatha kusukela kubhathisi ku-plant yokuphatha, lezi zinkulungwane zihlukaniswa, zihlukaniswa, futhi zihlukaniswa kumaphakathi okuphatha noma kuzinto eziningi—zakhiwa amasiko amahle amahle angavumeleki ukuvumela ukuvula futhi akhwelela izindawo zokuphatha. Akukho okuphatha ngokuphatha kwenza ngokuphatha kwezindawo zokuphatha kwezindawo zokuphatha, okusho ukuthi lezi zintathu zingakwazi ukuphatha ngokuphatha kwezindawo zokuphatha.

Inqubela, Indlela Ethe Yenza Ukususa Kwamaphakathi Okwesibhakabhaka

Izindlela Eziningi Zokugcina: Ukuphakatha Kabili, Ukugcina Okungafihli, Nokulungisa Isililo

Ukugcina ngokukhawuleza kukuphela okokuqala okubalulekile ekuthatheni isimo sokungcoliswa ngokuvunyelwe. Emva kokusetshenziswa, zibhinde ngokuphelele isitshalo sokuvala noma isikhombisa sokugcina ukuze sifihle amanzi nezinye izinyama zokushisana ngokuphelele. Izitshalo eziningi zinakho ipadi yamapolymer ethwala amanzi ngokushisana ngemizuzwana emibili, ukunciphisa ukuthi kufanele kushebeka. Ukuthuthukisa ukuvunyelwe, faka isitshalo esivaliwe ebusweni besithili esingashebeka amanzi—ukufaka kabili kunciphisa ukuthi kufanele kushebeka amadoda abonakaliswa ngaphezu kwe-70%, njengokuthi kwabhekwe ngu-WHO ngo-2021 ngokuthandaza ngokuthathwa kwezinto ezithi ziyazimela ukuthi zilungile. Bhinde isithili esiphambili ngokuphelele. Uma izinyama zokushisana zikwazi ukuthi zibe yisimo, faka amaqhina amaningi asekhaya amahlobo amahle noma isitshalo esithi sithwala izinyama zokushisana phambi kokugcina kakhulu. Faka isiphephelo esigcinwe ebusweni obulidwe obuhlanganisiwe obuphakathi kwesikhumba sokudla noma izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu. Lokhu kuyafana nokuthandaza kwa-EPA ne-CDC ngokuthathwa kwezinto zokungcoliswa ezisindawo zokungcoliswa ngokuvunyelwe kanye nokunciphisa ukuthi kufanele kushebeka izinto ezingaphansi kwezinye izindawo zokusebenza emuva kwezindawo zokusebenza kanye nezindawo zokusebenza.

Ukuvikela ukuthi kungabhekwe isifo: Ukusebenzisa amaglova, ukuchitha amakhanda, nokuhlanza izinye zezinye ezihlukene ngokusebenzisa izilayini zemikhumbi

Ukusebenzisa izilayini zemikhumbi ezenziwe khona kufuneka kwenziwe ngokuphathelene nokuvikela ukuthi kungabhekwe isifo. Yenza amaglova amasha okusebenzisa kahle kabusha ngaphambi kokuthintana nezilayini noma isibhakabhaka semikhumbi. Susa nokubamba izilayini ngokugcina ukuthintana nezincwadi zomuntu noma amakhanda, emva koko yambisela ngokugcina amaglova. Hlambulula isack esihlambululwe, emva koko ususa amaglova ngokuphambuka kusendlini kusendleleni ukuze ungavikeli amakhanda—hlambulula amaglova ngokushesha. Chitha amakhanda ngokuphelele ngaso sonke isikhathi ngamafutha namanzi ngemizuzu eyishumi nambili nangaphezulu; uma amasinkhi ayikho, sebenzisa isikhumba sokuchitha amakhanda esinabantu besebenzisa i-ethanol noma i-isopropanol ngokulinganisa okungaphezulu kwe-60%. Ukuchitha amakhanda ngokuphelele kunciphisa ukuthi kungabhekwe izifo zokuzimela kwisifundo ngemizuzu eyishumi nambili kuya kuye ngemizuzu eyishumi nane, njengoba kubonisiwe ngu-CDC ngo-2021. Ekugcineni, hlambulula izinye zezinye ezihlukene ezinamandla okuthintana—kodwa kubhekwe isihlangu sesibhakabhaka, izihlangu zokuhlala, nesifunda esihlukene—ngokusebenzisa isikhumba sokuhlanza esihlambululwe ngu-EPA esinamandla okuhlanza izifo zokuzimela njenge- C. difficile , inorovirus, ne-E. coli. Leqala leli lisinda indlela yokuhambisa futhi lisivumela abasebenzi bokulinda nabantu abayisikhumbuzi.

Ukuqonda Ukuchazwa Kwemithombo Yomthwalo Nokuphatha Ngokwezinhloso Zokugcina Imithombo Yomthwalo Kwezilinare Zokugcina

Lapha izilinare zokugcina ziyakhiwa njengemithombo yomthwalo oyisivumelwano nesifunda noma yimithombo yomthwalo wokusebenza kwesibhakabhaka

Ukuthi isithunywa sikhona kusenza ukuthi kubhekwe indlela yokususa okulinganiselwe ngokwesifunda futhi ukuthi kwenziwe ukulawula ukuthi kungakhathalelwa yini. Ngokwesifunda se-OSHA sokuthi kungakhathalelwa yini (29 CFR 1910.1030), amalayini athi abhekwe ngokubonakala kwablood, amaflo ayasebenza kanye nabo abasebenzisa abazange bakhululekile ngokuthi kungakhathalelwa yini (isibonelo: HIV, HBV, HCV) kufanele kubekwe njengesithunywa sokusebenza okulinganiselwe. Lokhu kuyasebenza emizimbeni yasekliniki kanye namaphakathi ekhaya lobaqashelwe. Ngaphandle kwalokho, amalayini athi abasebenzisa abantu abanamandla emuva kwezindlu zabo—okukhomba izinkomo ne-urine kuphela—kusho ukuthi kuzosha ngokwesithunywa sokuhlela okwesikhundla, uma akukho umthwalo wokuthi kungakhathalelwa yini kanye nokuthi imithombo yasekhaya iyavumela. Kepha, kukhona ukuguquka kwezindawo: izinyanga eziphakeme kanye nezindawo zasekhaya zingasithunywa njengesithunywa sokusebenza okulinganiselwe zonke ukuthwasa kwabantu njengokuthi kuyasebenza ngokuthwasa, kubangela ukuthi kufanele besebenzise iziphothi zemithi yomthelela omncane nesikhungo esisiza ukuthi sithumele. Amasimbi kufanele asondele ku-mandla wokulawula we-EPA futhi nezinhlangano zezwe zokuthi zilawule ukuthi ziziphinde ziyisiphothi sokuthwasa. Ukufundisa abasebenzi ngokubona nokuthwasa okuphathelene nokuthwasa kusiza ukuthi akwazi ukuthwasa ngokungafanele, ukuthi akwazi ukuthi kuthwasa ngokungafanele, ukuthi akwazi ukuthi kuthwasa ngokungafanele, futhi ukuthi kusiza ukuthi kuthwasa ngokuphelele.

Amakhetho okuthwasa kwezwe: Ukuthwasa kwezindlu, ukuthwasa kwezinkunkuma, nokuthwasa kwezindlu zokuthwasa kwezintombi zokuthwasa

Ukuthwasa kwezinkunkuma kwenyama: Kungenani kuka-12% yezindlu zase-Meri kaNingi ziyathwasa iziphothi zokuthwasa (i-EPA 2023 data)

Naphezu kokufakwa kwelebula elithi "i-compostable", kuncane kunama-12% ezindawo zokwenza umquba e-US ezamukela ama-commodel liners - ngisho nalawo enziwe nge-PLA noma i-PBAT - ngokusho kwe-EPA's 2023 National Composting Assessment. Ukugaywa komquba ezimbonini kudinga izimo eziqondile, eziqhubekayo: amazinga okushisa angaphezu kuka-55°C amahora angu-≥72, umswakama olawulwayo, i-oxygenation, nemiphakathi esebenzayo yamagciwane. Izakhiwo eziningi zomasipala nezesifunda azinakho ukuqinisekisa la malungiselelo, ikakhulukazi uma kuziwa ekuhlanganisweni kwe-polymer eyinkimbinkimbi. Ngenxa yalokho, imikhumbi evame ukungcolisa imifudlana yezinto eziphilayo, okwenza abathutha imfucuza bayikhiphe yonke imithwalo noma bayiphonse endaweni yokulahla udoti. Ngakho-ke, ukubeka i-liner emgqonyeni womquba oseceleni komgwaqo akuvamile ukuletha umquba futhi kungaphazamisa imigomo yokuguqula imfucuza yezinto eziphilayo. Ukukhishwa kwe-methane okuvela ekubola kwe-anaerobic ezindaweni zokulahla udoti kusalokhu kuyinkinga, kodwa ingqalasizinda yamanje yenza ukulahlwa kwezindlu zokulahla udoti kube yindlela enokwethenjelwa kakhulu, ehambisana nezimo zezindlu zokulahla udoti ezisetshenzisiwengaphandle uma umqu

Isiqondiso esiqondene nesikhungo: Ukuhlanganisa ukulahlwa kwezinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswayo ekuhambeni komsebenzi wokuphila kwabantu asebekhulile nokunakekelwa kwezempilo ekhaya

Imiphakathi yabantu asebekhulile kanye nabahlinzeki bezempilo basekhaya kufanele bafake ukulahlwa kwezindwangu ezisezingeni elifanele, ekuhambeni komsebenzi okuqondene nokutheleleka. Vala isembozo ngasinye esisetshenzisiwe esikhwameni sesibili esingavuzi, bese usifaka esitsheni esibhalwe ukuthi siyingozi (ngokokuhlanzeka kwegazi noma uketshezi) noma ebhokisini lemfucuza (ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile), ngokwenqubomgomo yesikhungo nemithetho yendawo. Abasebenzi kufanele bagqoke amagilavu alahlwayo, benze inhlanzeko yezandla ngokushesha ngemuva kokuphatha, futhi babulale amagciwane ezindaweni ezisebenzisa ama-agent avunyelwe yi-EPAizindlela ezihambisana ne-OSHA's Bloodborne Pathogens Standard kanye ne-CMS Conditions of Participation. Ukubeka uphawu ngokucacile kuwo wonke amabhakede nokuqeqesha abasebenzi njalo ngonyaka ngokuhlukaniswa kwemfucuza ukuze kugwenywe ukufakwa ngengozi emfudlaneni wokuphinda usebenzise noma womquba. Ezindaweni lapho ukuqondiswa kwemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo kuyisibopho, qinisekisa ukwamukelwa ngqo neziphathimandla zendawo zokwenza umquba ngaphambi kokuzama ukuhlukanisa. Abaqaphi bomndeni, landela izinyathelo ezifanayo zokuvimbela futhi uhlole imihlahlandlela kamasipalaamadolobha amaningi anikeza amathuluzi wamahhala aku-inthanethi noma izinombolo ezishisayo zokuhlukanisa imfucuza. Lezi zinyathelo ezihlanganisiwe, ezisekelwe ebufakazini ziqinisekisa ukuhambisana, zinciphise umthwalo, futhi zigcine ukunakekelwa okuphephile, okunesizotha ngaphandle kokuphazanyiswa kokusebenza.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Ngikwazi ukufusha amaphutha amahle okukhupha isikhumba?

Cha, amaphutha amahle okukhupha isikhumba akakhelwa ukubadala emisebenzini yezilwanyana zokugcina izilwanyana. Kudingeka ukubadala kwezindawo zokugcina izilwanyana zokusebenza ngokwezinye, okungakho kuzilwanyana zokugcina izilwanyana zokusebenza ngokwezinye.

Kusenza kanjani uma ngifusha phansi isikhumba ngokungafanele?

Ukufusha phansi isikhumba singasimisa ukungabonakali kwamaphutha kwezilwanyana zokugcina izilwanyana futhi singasithola izinkampani zokuhlinza izilwanyana. Singasibiza ukuthi kubhekiswe ukuthinteka kwezinkinga zokubuyisela futhi kusimisa ububi kwezinhlobo zokusebenza.

Ngabe zonke izikhumba zokukhupha isikhumba zihlawulwa njengamathambo okusebenza kwezempilo?

Cha, izikhumba zokukhupha isikhumba zihlawulwa njengamathambo okusebenza kwezimpilo kuphela uma zibonakala zizihlukile ngeblood noma izinhlobo ezingenabo zezinhlobo zokubhukuda. Ngaphandle kwalokho, zihlawulwa njengamathambo okusebenza kwezinhlobo zokusebenza.

Ngingakwenza kanjani ukuthi ngishwe isikhumba esisewu ngokuphelele?

Khupha ngokuphelele isikhumba emva kokusebenzisa, bheka kabili ukuze uzidele kakhulu, futhi uyelela kumabhokisi wezilwanyana ezinomkhono. Yenza ngokuphathelene nezinhlobo zokushwe izilwanyana zokusebenza kuleli leli.

Ngabe izikhumba zokugcina izilwanyana zokusebenza zihlawula ngokuphelele kwezindawo zokusebenza kwezindawo zokusebenza?

Cha, izinqatha ezinkulu zezinhlobo zokugcina zokuphakamisa kufuneka zihlanganise kwezindawo zokuphakamisa kwezindustria ukuzokwakha kahle. Izindlela zokuphakamisa emuva kwesikhebe kakhulu akathola izimo eziphathelene nako.