amasigni amashumi elishumi ayisihlanu ukuthi usebenzisa amaplastik okugcina izinto ezingavumelekileyo

Ukufika kwezililo nokuphatha: Uma Amaphetha Emaphetheni Okukhulula Ayigcini Ukufika Kwezililo

Izililo zokukhulula ziyisibhakabhaka esingasibonisi sokuphatha kwezililo zemaphetheni okukhulula, futhi isikhumba esincane sokuphatha singathola ukuthi sifuna ukugcina kwezililo zokukhulula. Ngokwesibonelo se-International Sanitary Supply Association, amasibhakabhaka amashumi amabili nesithupa ayisigaba sabantu abasebenza emaphetheni okukhulula abayithola isibhakabhaka esisodwa ngomnyaka ngokuphambuka kwezililo zokukhulula ngokungafani kwezililo zokukhulula (ISSA 2023). Isibonelo sesiphelo sikhoqo kumfanekiso wokusebenzisa izililo zemaphetheni okukhulula.

Indlela yokubhekana kwezililo (mil) nokuthintana kwezililo zokusebenzisa ukuthintana kwezililo zokukhulula kuyakubhekana nokuthintana kwezililo zokukhulula

Ukubhala kwe-mil kuseta isibonelo esisiseko, kodwa ubukhulu bekho bakhokho ukuthi lokhu kubhala kusebenza njani ngenxa yomkhondo. Amaliner e-low-density polyethylene (LDPE) ayisifanele kanye nezinkulungwane, kodwa isithembiso sayo esihlukanisiwe sikhona amaphuzu amancane okukhupha amanzi—ikakhulu lapho kubhekwa ngomkhondo. Umalinga we-1.5 mil we-LDPE ungathola iphepha lesikole esingasemthwakweni, kodwa leli yisilinganiso esifanayo asizokwazi ukuthola umkhondo wasekafeteriya wesemthwakweni wokugcina izinkulungwane ezishumi. I-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) inqamba isithembiso esihlukanisiwe esihle, ekuvumelana nokuthinteka kokuthinteka, kodwa ukuthinteka kwakho kungabangela ukuthinteka kwezinye izindawo zokufolda. I-linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) iyaphinda isibonelo: iyathinta ubukhulu be-HDPE nesifanele se-LDPE, ikhokho ukuthinteka nakalapho amathambo amadala noma amaphathi wezincwadi ayagcinisa ifilm. Lokhu kukuthi umalinga we-1.2 mil we-LLDPE often uyaphila umalinga we-2.0 mil we-LDPE yokuqondile emazini okuthinteka (ASTM D1709) ngokuthatha amandla okuthinteka ngaphandle kokuthinteka. Isibonelo esikhulu kukuthi kufanele ukuthinteka nokubhala kwe-mil kubhalwe ngokulinganisa nokubhala kwe-waste—okungu-wet, okungu-sharp, noma okungu-heavy.

Kungani izilayini zokuvula izihlathi zase-HDPE/LLDPE ziyaphakamisa kakhulu kulayini yase-LDPE esikhundleni sesikhundla sokuphakamisa kwezinye izihlathi zokuvula

Kodwa umsindo wamanzi uqondile, izilini zesi-ldpe sezokwakha zihlupheka futhi zihlupheka kwezinhlobo zazo. Amachaini we-polymer abhala amanzi, okuhlela ukunciphisa ukuphambana ngokugcwele nge-30% ematholeni athi amanzi aqondile (I-Polymer Materials Journal, 2022). Kepha, izilini zesi-hdpe/llpdpe zihlanganisiwe ngokufanele ukubhekana nezimo ezinamandla. Isiqondiso se-hdpe sibeka isiqondiso esisodwa esingasindiswa ngokuphambana, ngakho-ke isi-llpdpe sibeka ukuphambana okukhulu kwezilini zokuhlupha. Emva kwezifundo zesi-2022 zoba yomphathi wezinto ezingavumelekile, amaphoyisa othile okuthi abuyise izilini zesi-hdpe/llpdpe zihlanganisiwe zazithola ukunciphisa kwezilini zokuhlupha ngamandla ngokugcwele nge-45% futhi ukunciphisa kwezindleko zokususa amandla okuhamba ngokungafanele ngokugcwele nge-38%. Isilini sokuhlupha sikhuluma “creep”—ukuguqula okusheshelayo okuzokwakha ukuthi izilini zesi-ldpe zihlupheka futhi zihlupheka amanzi emzansi wendawo yokugcina. Ngoba izilini zokuhlupha ziyagwala kahle kusukela kwezilini kodwa kusukela kwezilini zokuhlupha, izilini zokuhlupha zihlanganisiwe zinezilini zokuhlupha zesi-star zizobeka umthelela ngokulinganayo, okuvula izindawo ezingafanele kwezilini zokuhlupha zesi-flat noma zesi-gusset. Kulezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu kwezinsimbi zokuhlupha njengezindawo zokusebenza kwezinkumbu noma emaphoyisini angaphandle, ukuphambana kwezilini zokuhlupha zihlanganisiwe nokuphambana kwezinhlobo zazo kwenza kubo ukuba bengabonakala kakhulu kulokho okukhulu kwezilini zesi-ldpe zokuhlupha kuphela.

Ukuvulwa nokuvulwa kahle: Ukungafani kwezinto nezintsimbi ngemiphumela yezimali zokusebenza

Lapho izinto ezingavuli nemizimba eminingi ziyabonisa izinkinga zezinto zokuvulwa kwezilayini zemithambo yezinto ezingavuli zomthwalo wokuqala

Amaphakathi we-trash can asebenzisa i-low-density polyethylene (LDPE) ayathola umphumela wokusebenza kanye nokunciphisa izindleko—kepha ubukhulu bebalwa kwakho bokubalwa kwe-LDPE kuyinto ephambana ngokuphelele xa kubhekwa emfanekisweni yezindawo zokusebenza. Amaphakathi we-LDPE amahle ayabala ngokubalwa kwe-1,400–2,000 psi. Xa kufakwa imithombo emibi njenge-glass ethululwe, izinkampani zemetalu, noma izipaki zempilo ezinomthetho wokubalwa, iphakathi iyadlula kusuka kuthando lwalokhu. Isimo sesikhombisa isikhombisa esingaphansi kakhulu kungasiza ukuthatha ubukhulu bebalwa kusukela kuthando lwesinye, futhi kuyenza ukuthi iphakathi ithule kusha kusukela kuthando lwesinye. Umnyango wokuvakashela owaqhubeka ngo-2022 wasebenzisa i-polymer research institute eyadlula wonke wabonisa ukuthi amaphakathi we-LDPE ayafika emlandweni wokubalwa ngokuphansi kwe-40% kunamaphakathi we-high-density xa abhekwa ngokubalwa kwe-2 mm. Emaphakathini we-janitorial ne-food service, lapho izinto zokugcina ziyagcina kakhulu kanye nezihlukahlukene, lezi ziqukithelo ziyizimangaliso—akuzange kube yizimangaliso ezinye. Umthwalo wokwenzeka kuyi-material mismatch: ukukhetha iphakathi elwenzelwe ukugcina okuphansi kanye nokungabi nesibonakaliso, kodwa ukusebenza kuyidinga ukuthula kakhulu kwe-tear.

Ukuqinisa indaba yokuthi 'kubhili kakhulu kuyizwe ngokuphelele': Ukubalansisa ukulinganiswa kwe-mil, ukuzimela, nokuthintana kwesithunzi

Isibonelo esihlukileyo sikhuluma ngokuthi ukuvutha isilinganisi semil yomkhakha wemithwalo kusiza ekugcineni ukuthi kubhekwa. Umqondo wokwesibonelo akuyi-ncane: i-mil iyalinganisa ubude, akayilinganisi ubunzima. Umkhakha we-LDPE omele 2.0-mil ungalahleka futhi uma umkhakha wakho awunakuphakamisa ukuthi kwenziwe ngokufanayo. Ubunzima bokuhlaba kubhekwa ngokulinganisa ubunzima bokuzimela, ubunzima bokuhambisana, nokubhekwa kokuhlaba kwe-dart. Isibonelo, umkhakha omele 1.2-mil ovela ku-linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) ungalahleka kakhulu kunomkhakha we-LDPE omele 2.0-mil. Amaphathi amancane nezilinganiso zika-LLDPE azimele isithembiso esinconywa sokuhlaba nokuhlaba kwezinye izinto. Isilinganisi esibalulekileyo akuyi-ubude kuphela, kodwa ubunzima bokuthabatha amandla nokuguqula ngaphandle kokuthi kubhekwa. Inqaku yekwalipha yokuqala yase-2023 yasho ukuthi umkhakha omele 1.5-mil ovela kwe-hybrid ya-LLDPE/LDPE uyahlaba kakhulu ngokulinganisa noma kubhekwa ngokulinganisa nomkhakha we-LDPE omele 3.0-mil. Isikhetho esihle siyomkhakha omele mil encane kodwa onobunzima obuhle kakhulu—sikhipha ubude bokuphakama kwamandla, sikhipha isilinganisi sokuthengiswa ngalinye, futhi sifaka isikhungo esihle kusenzo lapho kudingeka.

Ukuphuma kwezinye izinto ezinamandla ne-ukugcina kwezinye izinto: Isidingo esikhubileyo sokungafani kwezinye izinto nokungabi nesibonelo sokugcina

Nakho ukuthi izilayini zokugcina isithelo esihle kakhulu, akakwazi ukugcina izinye zezinye zokuphuma uma kungabonakali ukuthi kubhekiswe ngokuphelele kumgqa wokugcina. Ukuthatha isithelo sokudla kuyasebenza ngaphezu kwe-24% yezinto ezihlukahlukene zokugcina (EPA 2023). Lokho okungahleli phakathi kwezilayini nezincwadi ziyakubika indlela yokuphuma kwamagasi okuhlehlwa ngqo. Lokhu kuvuleka kwenza amadlozi asekhaya abe nemizwa engavumelekile, futhi kusiza ukuthi iziqondiso zikhiphe kumgqa njengoba umdla nesifuba sikhupha ngaphandle kwezinkambo ezingavumelekile. Izilayini ezingavumelekile kusho ukuthi zibeka ngaphakathi, kubeka umgqa ukuhlanganisa ngqo nesithelo, okwenza ukuthi ukuchitha kube nzima kakhulu. Ngemva kwezinsuku, ukuthatha kwezilayini zokuhlehlwa kuzokhulula amadlozi, futhi kuzokhulula izinye zezinye zokuphuma—kufaka ubuncinane bokuchitha emakhishini okusebenza, emaphilisi, nasezindaweni zokusebenza kwezithelo sokudla. Ukufumana ukuthi izilayini zihle kakhulu kufuna ukuthi zibe nezinhlobo zokulinganisa ngokuphelele, futhi izinhlobo zokulinganisa ziyakwenzela ukuthi zihambisane nomgqa ngokuphelele, ukugcina izinye zezinye zokuphuma, futhi ukuvikela ukuthi iziqondiso zisuke ngaphandle.

Ukuphakanyiswa, Ukuphakanyiswa Kwangaphandle, Nokubeka Ibagi Ezimbili: Kungani Ukukhala Kwamagama Akhethwa Ngokungafanele Kwezilayinaya Zemibhobho Yemithwalo

Isigaba Sekhuluma: Sizinga Kufanele Kwezilayinaya Nokwezincwadi Ziyakhathazisa Ukuthula Nokuhlelwa Kwemithwalo

Lapho isiliner sibhakathi kakhulu, sifika ngaphakathi kwesibhakathi, sibonisa amaphuzu okugcina okwesibhakathi futhi kusenza ukususa kubalulekile. Amasiliner angaphezulu kakhulu ayasebenza kahle kwezinto ezingafanele futhi azihlale kusuka emhlabathini, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa izibhakathi ezimbili ukuze zihlale kahle. Ukukhetha isilinganiso esihle kufuneka ubhekise ukuthi ububanzi besiliner siyilinganiswe nesiqhelo sesibhakathi (ngokwesibhakathi esingaphakathi: ububanzi × 3.14 ÷ 2) futhi ubude buyingana nobude besibhakathi kunye nesiqhelo sesandla sesibhakathi okanye ububanzi futhi namanjezi amathathu ukusuka emhlabathini. Lokhu kubanzi obuyisamanjezi amathathu kubhekisa ukuthi isiliner sihlale kahle ngaphandle kokusebenzisa izinto ezingafanele kakhulu, kubhekisa ukuthi asihlali futhi kubhekisa ukuthi kuhlele kahle. Lapho amasiliner asihlali, amaphuzu wesibhakathi asihlale kahle, kusenza ukuthi kubhekise izinye zezinto ezinamagama nezibhakathi. Ukusebenzisa izibhakathi ezimbili—okuyisahluko esikhulu sokuzimela amasiliner angafanele—kusenza ukuthi izindleko ziyahlala kahle futhi kubhekisa ukuthi kukhona indlela eyodwa yokukhetha isilinganiso. Amasiteki athi abasebenzisa izibhakathi ezimbili ukuze abekise ukuthi isilinganiso asihle kubhekisa ukuthi kubhekisa isikhathi sokuguqula futhi kubhekisa izindleko zokusebenza. Ngokulandela ukuthi kubhekise ukuthi kungabikho ukulinganiswa kwezinto, amasiliner esihle esihlanganiswe kahle kusenza ukuthi kungabikho ukulinganiswa kwezinto nokuhlala kahle, kubhekisa ukuthi kubhekise izinto ezingafanele ngaphandle kokubhekisa ukuthi kungabikho ukulinganiswa kwezinto.

Ukuphakama Kwemithwalo Nokuphula Kwezinkinga Zokufaka: Ukubala Ukuhlukana Kwesilinga Sokuthi Iliniya Yemithwalo Ayisikhe

I-EPA 2023 imboni yezindaba zomphakathi: Ukuxhuma Ukungafani Kwesilinga Sokulinnya Nokuphula Kwezinkinga Zokusebenza, Izindlela Zokuphakama, Nakuzo Kuzokuthatha

Ngokwazi kwezifundo ze-EPA zokuhlela izinto ezingavali 2023, izindawo ezisebenzisa amaphutha wezinto ezingavali angaphezulu kwezinye ziyabona ukuphakama kwezindleko zokubhukuda ngamashumi ayisibemvu (27%) nokuphakama kwamahora wezindleko zokusula ngamashumi ayishumi nanye (19%). Uma amaphutha akasayi kufaka kabusha isikhumba, izinto ezingavali zihlanya ngokushesha, ziyadlala iziqondiso esizokubhukuda futhi ziyadinga ukusulwa okuningi. Lokhu kungabonakala kakhulu kubantu abasebenza, futhi kuzoba kudinga ukuthi baphinde baphutha noma bafaka ngaphezulu, okuvutha izindleko zokubuyisela amaphutha ngokulinganisa $0.08 ngalinye. Ngomnyaka wokuqala, indawo yezindawo zokusebenza enkulu engaphansi kwezinye inokubona ukuphakama kwezindleko zokuhlela ngaphezulu kwe-$1,200. Ukusula okusheshayo kuhlela izindleko futhi kususa abantu abasebenza kumaqondo amaningi, okunciphisa ukusebenza kabanzi. Izifundo zikubonisa ukuthi ubude nobude bephutha kufanele kube ngokulinganisa nezinhlobo zamasikhumba ukuze kubhekwe ubude bezinhlobo—ngokuba noma ukulinganisa okungaphezulu kwe-10% kungancipha ubude bezinhlobo ngamashumi ayishumi nanye nanye (15%). Ukukhetha amaphutha amahle wezinto ezingavali ngokubeka kubizo labo abalinganiselwe ngokuphelele kunciphisa lezi zindleko ezingazange zibonakale, kubhekwa ukuthi izinto ezingavali azihlanye futhi kubhekwa ubuchwepheshe nabizinda.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Yini okubangela ukungafani kwezilayinhe zemithi yezindiza ngokugcina amanzi?

Izilayinhe zemithi yezindiza zingafani ngokugcina amanzi ngamathuba amaningi njengezinyawo, ukukhetha okungafanele kwematerial, izihlalo esingafanele, noma ubude obungafanele bwalayinhe nokuthakazelwa kwe-polymer engafanele. Lezi zinto zingabangela ukuvula kwezindiza nokungafani kwezinhlelo zokuhlela.

Ukubude kwalayinhe (mil) kuyiphi indlela ekuthintana ngayo nokusebenza?

Nakuba izilayinhe eziningi zingathola ubukhulu obuningi, ubukhulu bwe-polymer bematerial nobuchwepheshe bakuyiphakade enkulu. Isibonelo, isilayinhe esincane se-linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) singathola ubukhulu obuningi kunezilayinhe ezingabi ngezinkulu ze-low-density polyethylene (LDPE) ngokuthi ubuchwepheshe bawo bungcono futhi bungaqondi ukuvula.

Kungani izilayinhe ze-HDPE/LLDPE zingcono emazulwini amadwala?

Izilayinhe ze-HDPE/LLDPE zingcono emazulwini amadwala ngoba ziqinisa ukuthi amanzi azizwalele futhi ziqinisa ubukhulu bawo. I-HDPE inqamba ubukhulu, nakuba i-LLDPE inqamba ukuvula kwezinyawo, futhi lokhu kubangela ukuthi kungabi nesiphakade sokungafani.

Izinkinga zokubala kwezilayinaya zemithi yezindiza ziyini?

Izinkinga zokubala zibonakala xa izilayinaya ziyinkulu kakhulu noma zincane kakhulu kumithi yezindiza. Izilayinaya ezinkulu kakhulu zingadlula emhlabathini, ngakho-ke izilayinaya ezingancane kakhulu zingalwazi kahle noma zingazihlali kahle umthi wokuzindiza, okusika kuzindiza nokungasebenzi kahle.

Ukuthi ukuthenga izilayinaya ezingafanele kuyini?

Ukusebenzisa izilayinaya ezingafanele kusika kuzindlela eziningi zokuchapula, ukuthenga izibaguli eziningi, izindlela zokudlula kwezindiza, nokungasebenzi kahle kwabantu abasebenzisa. Ngemuva kwezinsuku, lezi zinkinga zingasika kuzindlela zokuthenga ngomnyaka kakhulu kwezifundo.