Ukwenza njani ukugcina amabhagasi asebhositi kahle ngaphambi kokuthunywa

Ibhagi Yokwasbestos Umthetho Wokubhala: Ukulungiswa Ngamazwi Amabili

Ukufinyelela ukugcina isithutha sase-asbestos ngokuphatha ngokuphelele kuyadinga umdlalo wokuphatha okuphathelene nokucimba izihlangothi zokuhlanza futhi kufanele kuzamele imigomo yaseNingizimu Afrika yase-HSE ne-EPA yaseMelika. Izindlela ezingavumelekile zokubhala zingakhokhela ukuthi kwenziwe iziphumo zokuvumela, noma izifinansi zama-EPA ziyakwenzeka ama-$37,500 ngosuku ngolunye ulwazi olungavumelekile. Imicimbi elandelayo iyasiza ukusiza ukuba isikhali sonke siyakwazi ukuthumela ngokuphelele futhi ngokuphatha ngokuphelele.

Ukuzama Kusendaweni Kukubhala: Ukusebenzisa I-PPE, Ukukhetha Isikhali, Futhi Ukubonisa Isithutha

Abasebenzi kufanele baphathe amaski okukhanyisa konke okwesikhumba, amakhethi okugcina i-“P3”, amakhethi okugcina i-Type 5/6, namaglova okusebenza ngokwamanzi phambi kokusebenzisa into yonke. Kungafanele sebenzisa izipho zokuthenga zika-UN ezithile ezingavumelekileyo kulezi zikhipha zokugcina i-“Group II” kuphela—ezingaba yizipho zokuthenga zokugcina i-polyethylene eziningi kakhulu ngokwe-200 µm (6-mil) ethakhiwe ngokuphambili ngekhanda lokubonisa ukuthi kukhona i-asbestos nokuthi “DANGER – ASBESTOS”. Konke okugcina i-asbestos kufanele kwenziwe ngokuphepha kahle ngokusebenzisa isitha sencwadi samanzi noma isitha sokususa amanzi uma kukhona ukuthi amanzi akasenzi. Iziphakade zokuphakama kufanele ziphakamiswe noma ziphakamiswe ngokuthi ziphakamiswe ukuze zikhubaze ukuthi zibhale. Faka izipho zokuthenga kumkhumbu wokugcina owephephile, othunywe ngokwesikhumbu, futhi bephatha i-tape yokugcina kabili nezicelo zokugcina izipho zokuthenga ngokwesikhumbu. Lezi zindlela ziyafana nezindlela zokugcina i-asbestos zase-UK yoku-2012, nakwezindlela zase-US EPA’s NESHAP (40 CFR Part 61), zikunciphisa isivumo sokugcina izipho zokuthenga ngokwesikhumbu ngokwesikhumbu.

Ukuphakamisa Kabili Kwesipho Zokuthenga Kunye Nezindlela Zokugcina Ngokwesikhumbu

Shaya isibhakabhaka esokuqala ngokungafana kunezinye izinyathelo zokugcina ukuze kubhekwe isikhathi sokugcina ngokuphepha. Thwasa isihlango sesibhakabhaka esisodwa, yenza ikhanda elikhulu ngokuthwasa ngokuphepha, thwasa isihlango esithwasa ngapha kwalo, futhi ubeka amasikhali okugcina amabili okukhulu kakhulu ukuze akhululekwe. Sula isihlango sesibhakabhaka esisodwa ngokusebenzisa isikhli esisodwa ukuze ukhuthaze amafibha okugcina. Faka ngokuphepha le sibhakabhaka esisodwa esisodwa kusibhakabhaka sesibili esisodwa ngokufanayo, futhi phinda isikhundla sokuthwasa nokugcina. Khuphela okungafane kakhulu okusodwa ngokushesha ngenxa yamandla—singe sisebenzisa amasikhali okugcina okusodwa, ngoba izinguquko zemandla ziyakwenzela ukuthwasa kwesibhakabhaka—futhi lizelela izikhundla zokugcina zombili ukuba zinamagugu, amagapu, noma iziqu zokuthwasa. Lokhu kubhakabhaka kabili kuyavumelwa ngokwesibhalo seHSE EH40/2005, kusinika ukugcina okuphakeme: izimboni zokugcina ngokwesibhakabhaka esinye zingahamba ku-12% ngokugcina ngokuphepha noma ngokugcina okwesibili, kubonisa ukuthi kudingeka ukugcina okuphakeme.

Izinqumo zokubhala nezinkimbinkimbi Zamaqembu Ngaphambi Kokugcina

Amalabeli kufanele abekwe kusibhakabhaka esiphambili ngaphambi ukugcina okugcwele ukuze kubekho ubukhulu obubalulekile ngokuphambana. Umbhalo ngasinye kufanele ukubeka umbhalo wokuthi “ISIBONGO – ASBESTOS” owenziwe ngokwesikhathi esingaphansi, igama nemeli ye-“waste generator”, nokudala lokugcina. Kufanele kwenziwe “hazardous waste consignment note” (UK) noma “uniform hazardous waste manifest” (US) futhi kufanele ishiphment ibe nalo; ikopi ingatholakala phakathi kwamabagu amabili kuphela uma ayisikhiyise ukugcina kwe-seal. Amadokhumenti kufanele akhombise ikhowudi yokubhalwa kwawo 17 06 05* kunye nomhlangano we-carrier owenziwe ngokulicense. Amadokhumenti okugcina kwenziwa ngokushesha emva kokugcina kwe-bag yokuqondisa, okuthi ngasinye ibag ebonakala ngokuthi iyalinkelwe nge-record yokuhambisa kwawo. Kodwa ngalesi sikhathi kuphela ishiphment sibonakala ngokwesilawulo njengokuthi siyakwenzeka ukukhipha ku-carrier wesilawulo esenziwe ngokulicense.

Amazwi Okulawuliwe Okuhlanganisa Ukugcina Kwamabagu We-Asbestos Ngokwesilawulo Se-UK HSE Kunye Ne-US EPA

Imiphakathi yezinhlangano zokulawula eNingizimu Afrika ne-USA isetshenziswa ukuvumela iziminyo eziningi, ezingavunyelwa ngokuphathelene nokugcina amabhagi we-asbestos—ke kuyadingeka ukuthi kubhekwe phambi kokubonakala kwesikhathi sokusebenza. Imiphakathi yokuqinisa i-asbestos yase-UK yeshumi nambili (2012), okwenzelwa ngumphakathi wokuphepha kanye nokuphepha kwezokuphepha (HSE), iyadinga ukuthi kubekwe amabhagi aqinisiwe ngu-UN, amabhali abonakalayo okukhona kwezinto ezihlukene (CDG), kanye nombhalo wokuhlinzekwa kwezinto ezihlukene kwe-Europe (EWC) 17 06 05*. Ngaphandle kwalokho, imiphakathi yokuqinisa kwezinto ezihlukene yase-USA (NESHAP, 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M) ayavunyela ukubonakala kwezinto ezihlukene ngokugcina, futhi iyadinga ukuthi amabhagi abe nemiphumeli yokugcina ngokuphatha kwezinto ezihlukene—okufundiswa ngokuphatha kwezinto ezihlukene ngokuphatha kwezinto ezihlukene. Ngaphandle kwalokho, u-HSE uyabeka isibono esikhulu kwenkulu yamabhagi (isibonelo: ukwakha kwezindiza zokugcina kanye nokuphatha kwezindiza zokugcina), kodwa ukuzinikela kwe-EPA kuyaphendula kwenkulu yamabhagi kanye nokuphatha kwezinto ezihlukene ngokuphatha kwezinto ezihlukene. Lokhu akuyi ziminyo ezifanayo: umsunguli owenziwe ngokwesibonelo se-HSE ungafanele ekhetseni kwe-EPA, kanye nokuvunyelwa kwe-EPA ungafanele ekhetseni kwe-HSE.

Ukunciphisa Ukuphuma Kwamafibra Ngokugcina Amabhagi We-asbestos

Ukuchitha Ngamafuta, Ukukhala Kwemikhawulo Yezinyathelo Zokuphatha, Nokusebenza Kwezindawo Ezihlukene

Ukuhlola kwezinyathelo zokubhekisa kuyisisekelo sokuthintela ukuthi izifunda zizokhulula ngokuzwakala ngokugcina. Abasebenzi baphatha i-PPE yonke—kukhona amasipholi ase-3—futhi bakhala izinto ezingavunyelwa ngamafuta ngaphambi kokuthi zibagelwe. Ukuchitha amasayithi ngamafutha okususa amafutha akhazimula izifunda ezingaqondi; isirhepoto se-HSE yase-2020 sasho lokhu kuthintela izinhlobo zezifunda ezihlukene ngaphezulu kwe-90% kungezinye ukuchitha ngokungafuthi. Ispray yezinyathelo zokukhala noma izitshixo zokuhlanganisa zikhipha ukuthi izifunda zizokhulula ngokwelektrostatikhi. Konke okuchazwa kufanele kwenziwe ngendawo eyenziwe ngamafutha okususa, ekhulula ngokungafana nokuthi kunezinhlobo zezifunda ezihlukene. Okugcina kwenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwesivacuum esinesifunda se-HEPA—izivacuum ezingafanele zingabhalwa, ngoba ziyabuyela izifunda kumkhawulo wokusebenza. Ngokujabulisayo, lezi zinyathelo zikhipha ukuxhumana kwezifunda ngokuphelele kwezinyathelo zokusebenza kanye nokuvumela ukuthi ukuchaza kuyisisekelo sokuthintela.

Ukuphepha Kwesikhathi Sokuhamba: Ukubonisa Amabaguli E-asbestos Okuchazwa Ukuthi Aqonde Ukuthi Akhangele

Ukukhokha, Ukugcina, nokuthiwa kweziqulelo ngokupheleleyo kweziqulelo zokuhambisa eziqinisekisiwe

Ukuphinda ukubhekisa kugcina ukuthi izibhaghi ezikhalwe ziyisisekelo seziqulelo phambi kokuhamba. Bhekisa yonke imibhaghi ngamaphutha, amaphutha okusobala kwezinye zezinye, noma ukufika kwamandla okushisa okungakwazi ukugcina ukugcinwa. Uma kuzwakalwa, izibhaghi kufanele zigcinwe ngendawo yokuhambisa ngokusebenzisa i-dunnage noma ukugcina ngemithwalo ukuze zingabuyi. Indawo yokuhambisa kufanele ibe neziqulelo zeziqulelo zokushisa futhi kufanele ibe ikhalwe ngokupheleleyo. Qeda inothi yeziqulelo zokuhambisa, bhalisa inombolo yezibhaghi, ubuchazwi, nobunombolo beziqulelo zokuhambisa. Kufanele umhambisi weziqulelo zokushisa kuphela akwazi ukumathola umkhawulo. Phambi kokukhokha, umthwali nomhambisi wabafanana ukusigna isiqinisekiso sokukhokha, esiqinisekisa ukuthi izibhaghi zihlakile kanye nokuthi ziyisisekelo seziqulelo. Lokhu kucindezela ukuthi kubhekwe kweziqulelo zase-UK nase-US futhi kugcina izinkinga zokuhambisa ngokupheleleyo nokulawula.

Imibuzo Evame Ukubuzwa

Kungani okubalulekile ukubhagha kabili uma kubhaghwana iziqulelo zasezinc?

Ukusebenta kwezimbali ezimbili kusinika ukulinganisa okuphakathi, okukhulu kakhulu ukunciphula isibopho sokulinganisa ngokwesikhathi sokuthumela. Kuyisicelo esifanayo ngezinhlelo zokusebenza zase-UK HSE nezinhlelo zase-US EPA.

Ithipe yonke le-PPE esidingekile ngokwenza izinto zase-asbestos?

I-PPE iyinkimbinkimbi yezinyawo zomlomo engeziwe ngamafiltara e-P3, amapulover e-Type 5/6, namaphinde emnandi ukuze kunciphule ukubona kwemithombo yase-asbestos ngokwenza nokugcina.

Kungani kufanele izinto zase-asbestos zihlukulwe kabefore ukugcina?

Ukuhlukula izinto zase-asbestos kuvimba imithombo eyayikhiywa kuhhaya, okunciphula isibopho sokubona ngokwenza nokuzimisa izinhlelo zokusebenza zokulinganisa ngokwesikhathi sokugcina ngokwesikhathi sokwenza.

Ngabe kungasetyenziswa i-vacuum yasezindaba ngokwesibhalo ukususa imithombo yase-asbestos?

Cha, kuphela izivacuum ezingavimba i-HEPA esiyenzelwe, njengoba zingavimba imithombo yase-asbestos ngendlela efanele futhi zizimise ukubuyela kuhhaya, ngaphandle kwezivacuum zasezindaba.

Izincwadi ziphi zidingekile ngokuthumela izinto zase-asbestos?

Ukudokumenta kufaka kuwo inothi yokuthumela izinto ezinomthelela (UK) noma inothi yokuthumela izinto ezinomthelela ngokwezinye (US), ekhombisa ikhowudi yokubhalwa kwamazwi okuthi izinto ezinomthelela 17 06 05*, amadatha ayo wokwenza izinto ezinomthelela, kunye nomhlangano wokuthumela owatholakile.